Stoisisme Kristen
Dari Amor Fati kepada Amor Deus
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33550/sd.v10i1.375Kata Kunci:
stoisisme, Cicero, Epictetus, Agustinus, Calvin, StoikAbstrak
Tulisan ini menerangkan kaitan antara stoisisme Yunani-Romawi dan stoisisme dalam tradisi Kristen dengan menelaah tulisan-tulisan primer dan sekunder dari Cicero, Epictetus, Agustinus, dan Calvin. Metode analisis teologis-filosofis digunakan dalam tulisan ini untuk meneliti bagaimanakah teologi, worldview, dan Injil di dalam “stoisisme Kristen”—sebagaimana dijumpai dalam etika Calvin—membuatnya berbeda dari stoisisme Yunani-Romawi. Sederhananya, terdapat kemiripan antara ajaran etika Calvin dengan etika stoisisme Yunani-Romawi. Sekalipun demikian, perbedaan tajam di antara keduanya dapat ditemukan pada akar-akarnya, yakni tataran teologi, worldview, dan eskatologi. Anjuran etis dari kedua kelompok ini dapat mirip dalam beberapa hal, tetapi itu muncul dari dua alasan yang berbeda secara radikal.
Statistik
Referensi
Akrim, A. dan Abrar Adhani. “Interactive Effects of Stoicism and Religious Coping on Psychological Distress, Fatigue and Intercultural Communication.” Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies 8, no. 4 (2021): 214–37. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejecs/920.
Andrew, Edward. “The Epicurean Stoicism of the French Enlightenment.” Dalam The Routledge Handbook of the Stoic Tradition, peny. John Sellars, 243–53. Abingdon dan New York: Routledge, 2016.
Antony, Mary Grace. “‘It’s Not Religious, But It’s Spiritual:’ Appropriation and the Universal Spirituality of Yoga.” Journal of Communication & Religion 37, no. 4 (2014). Augustine dan P. G. Walsh. De Bono Coniugali and De Sancta Uirginitate. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
Benson, Christopher. “Providence Lost.” Christian Scholar’s Review 38, no. 4 (2009): 471–75. https://christianscholars.com/providence-lost/.
Boersma, Gerald P. “Augustine’s Immanent Critique of Stoicism.” Scottish Journal of Theology 70, no. 2 (2017): 184–97. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0036930617000060.
Brachtendorf, Johannes. “Cicero and Augustine on the Passions.” Revue d’Etudes Augustiniennes et Patristiques 43, no. 2 (1997): 289–308.
Brooke, Christopher. Philosophic Pride. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2012.
Byers, Sarah Catherine. “Augustine and the Cognitive Cause of Stoic Preliminary Passionsi (Propatheiai).” Journal of the History of Philosophy 41, no. 4 (2003): 433–48. https://doi. org/10.1353/hph.2003.0052.
———. “The Meaning of Voluntas in Augustine.” Augustinian Studies 37, no. 2 (2006): 171–89. https://doi.org/10.5840/augstudies200637212.
———. Augustine and the Philosophers. Hoboken, NJ: Blackwell, 2012.
———. Perception, Sensibility, and Moral Motivation in Augustine: A Stoic-Platonic Synthesis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
Calvin, Jean. Commentaries on the Catholic Epistles. Volume 45. Calvin Translation Society, 1855. https://www.ccel.org/ccel/calvin/comment3/comm_vol45/htm/vi.ii.htm
Carter, Elizabeth. All the Works of Epictetus. Diterjemahkan oleh Elizabeth Carter. Dublin: Hulton Bradley, 1759.
Cochran, Elizabeth Agnew. “Stoicism and Christian Ethics.” Dalam St Andrews Encyclopaedia of Theology, disunting oleh Brendan N. Wolfe et al. St Andrews: University of St Andrews, 2022.
Coseru, Christian. “More or Less within My Power: Nature, Virtue, and the Modern Stoic.” Reason Papers 40, no. 2 (2018): 8–19. https://reasonpapers.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/rp_402_1.pdf.
Daruwati, Maharani Kusuma. “Ramai Soal Filosofi Stoikisme, Kenali Paham yang Bikin Hidup Lebih Tenang dan Bebas Stres.” Kompas. 19 Mei 2022. https://www.kompas.com/parapuan/read/533288754/ramai-soal-filosofi-stoikisme-kenali-paham-yang-bikin-hidup-lebih-tenang-dan-bebas-stres.
Dhiman, Satinder. “More than Happiness: A Stoic Guide to Human Flourishing,” The Palgrave Handbook of Workplace Well-Being, disunting oleh Satinder Dhiman, 1433–1472. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30025-8_51.
Dopierała, Renata. “Popular Stoicism in the Face of Social Uncertainty.” Qualitative Sociology Review 18, no. 4 (2022): 154–70. https://doi.org/10.18778/1733-8077.18.4.08.
Ellis, Albert. How to Stubbornly Refuse to Make Yourself Miserable About Anything—Yes Anything! New York: Carol Publishing Group, 1990.
Epictetus dan P. E. Matheson. The Discourses of Epictetus. Volume 2.9. New York: Heritage Press, 1968. https://archive.org/details/discoursesofepic00epic.
Epictetus. Discourses. Volume 1.15.2. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998.
Fedler, Kyle. “Calvin’s Burning Heart: Calvin and the Stoics on the Emotions.” Journal of the Society of Christian Ethics (2002): 133–62. https://doi.org/10.5840/jsce2002228.
Frede, Dorothea. “The Historic Decline of Virtue Ethics.” Dalam The Cambridge Companion to Virtue Ethics, disunting oleh Daniel C. Russell, 124–48 (Cambridge University Press, 2013).
———. “Theodicy and Providential Care in Stoicism.” Dalam Traditions of Theology, disunting oleh Dorothea Frede dan André Laks, 85–117. Leiden: Brill, 2002.
Gaasterland, H. L. J. “Nietzsche’s Rejection of Stoicism. A Reinterpretation of Amor Fati.” PhD diss., Universiteit Leiden, 2017. https://hdl.handle.net/1887/46214.
Grant, Frederick Clifton. “St. Paul and Stoicism.” The Biblical World 45, no. 5 (1915): 268–81. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3142715.
Hutton, Sarah. “Platonism, Stoicism, Scepticism, and Classical Imitation.” Dalam A New Companion to English Renaissance Literature and Culture, vol. 1, disunting oleh Michael Hattaway, 106–19. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2010.
Irvine, William B. A Guide to the Good Life: The Ancient Art of Stoic Joy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.
James, Dylan. “The Strange Rise of Stoicism.” Medium. 12 April 2022. https://medium. com/@Dylan_James/the-strange-rise-of-stoicism-98942a5975be.
Kirby, W. J. Torrance. “Stoic and Epicurean? Calvin’s Dialectical Account of Providence in the Institute.” International Journal of Systematic Theology 5, no. 3 (2003): 309–22. https://doi.org/10.1111/1463-1652.00111.
Kompas. “Filosofi Teras Edisi Terbatas Cetakan ke-25.” Diakses 30 Maret 2023. https://buku.kompas.id/2021/09/09/filosofi-teras-edisi-terbatas-cetakan-ke-25/.
Leithart, Peter J. “Stoic Elements in Calvin’s Doctrine of the Christian Life Part I: Original Corruption, Natural Law, and the Order of the Soul.” Westminster Theological Journal 55, no. 1 (1993): 31–54.
Love, Shayla. “The Revival of Stoicism.” Vice. 29 Juni 2021. https://www.vice.com/en/article/xgxvmw/the-revival-of-stoicism.
Maclean, Iain S. “The Encheiridion of Epictetus and its Three Christian Adaptations: Transmission and Critical Editions.” Ancient Philosophy 21, no. 2 (2001): 528–31.
Manampiring, Henry. Filosofi Teras. Jakarta: Gramedia, 2019.
Mansini, Guy. “What is the Good Life?” The Review of Metaphysics 60, no. 3 (2007): 655–6. Meylan, Edward F. “The Stoic Doctrine of Indifferent Things and the Conception of Christian Liberty in Calvin’s Institutio Religionis Christianae.” Romanic Review 28, no. 2 (1937).
Michopoulou, Eleni. “Living Happily in the Era of COVID-19: Philosophical and Positive Psychology Intervention in Secondary Education.” Conatus 7, no. 2 (2022): 193–227. https://doi.org/10.12681/cjp.31765.
Reardon, Patrick Henry. “Calvin on Providence: The Development of an Insight.” Scottish Journal of Theology 28, no. 6 (1975): 517–33. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0036930600024601.
Sanchez, Michelle Chaplin. “Calvin, Difficult Arguments, and Affective Responses: Providence as a Case Study in Method.” The Journal of Religion 99, no. 4 (2019): 467–91. https://doi.org/10.1086/704895.
Schreiner, Susan Elizabeth. The Theater of His Glory: Nature and the Natural Order in the Thought of John Calvin. Durham: Duke University, 1983.
Sedley, David. “The Origins of Stoic God.” Dalam Traditions of Theology, disunting oleh Dorothea Frede dan André Laks, 41–83. Leiden: Brill, 2002.
Sellars, John. Lessons in Stoicism: What Ancient Philosophers Teach Us About How to Live. London: Penguin, 2019.
———. Stoicism. Volume 1. Berkeley dan Los Angeles: The University of California Press, 2006.
Sorabji, Richard. “Stoic First Movements in Christianity.” Dalam Stoicism: Traditions and Transformations, disunting oleh Steven K. Strange dan Jack Zupko, 95–107. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
Stephens, William O. “A Stoicism for Our Time?” International Journal of the Classical Tradition 6, no. 3 (2000): 438–46. https://www.jstor.org/stable/30222588.
Strauss, Daniël F. M. “The Central Religious Community of Mankind in the Philosophy of the Cosmonomic Idea.” Philosophia Reformata 37, no. 1/2 (1972): 58–67. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24706762.
Strohm, Christoph. “Sixteenth-Century French Legal Education and Calvin’s Legal Education.” Dalam Calvin and the Early Reformation. Leiden: Brill, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004419445_005.
Taylor, Charles, James Tully, dan Daniel M. Weinstock, peny. Philosophy in an Age of Pluralism: The Philosophy of Charles Taylor in Question. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
Todd, Margo. “Seneca and the Protestant Mind: The Influence of Stoicism on Puritan Ethics.” Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte 74, no. jg (1983): 182–200. https://doi.org/10.14315/arg-1983-jg09.
Ursinus, Zacharius. The Heidelberg Catechism. Altenmünster: Jazzybee Verlag, 2012.
van Houte, Maarten. “Determinism and Divine Intervention: Divine Punishment in Stoic Theology.” Dalam Conceptualising Divine unions in the Greek and Near Eastern Worlds, peny. Eleni Pachoumi, 269–90. Leiden: Brill, 2021.
Vollmer, Gerhard. “Philosophy of Science: Order into Chaos? How Scientific Knowledge Shapes our World View.” Universitas 4 (1992).
Wolters, Albert M. “On the Idea of Worldview and Its Relation to Philosophy.” Dalam Stained Glass: Worldviews and Social Science, disunting oleh Paul Marshall et al. (Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 1989): 14–25.
Yovel, Yirmiyahu. “Nietzsche and Spinoza: Amor Fati and Amor Deus.” Dalam Nietzsche as Affirmative Thinker: Papers Presented at the Fifth Jerusalem Philosophical Encounter, April 1983, disunting oleh Yirmiyahu Yovel, 183–203. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publichsers, 1986.
Unduhan
Diterbitkan
Cara Mengutip
Terbitan
Bagian
Lisensi
Hak Cipta (c) 2023 Reformed Center for Religion and Society
Artikel ini berlisensi Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
